Dec 8, 2009 · Funny scene of Aunt Bethany singing the national anthem after Uncle Louis drops a match on sewage and blows him and the yard santa up into the air. From Nat... A technical issue occurred, please try again later. Start Over Refresh Page. Privacy Policy. Shipping & Return PolicyShe went onto live almost a decade after she played the role of Aunt Bethany. She passed away in 1998 at the age of 89. Photo by Facebook . Cousin Eddie was Randy Quaid’s Best Character. Aunt Bethany. Category: Movies Right: Personal Tags: Chevy Chase Dennis Quaid National Lampoon Holiday movies. Play. Aunt Bethany. Free. Share "Aunt Bethany" Sound: Download "Aunt Bethany" Sound: Download Sound. Comments. Please login to post comments. Recommended SoundBoards. Ultimate Duke Nukem Soundboard. …Silly Prayer: Aunt Bethany, Clark's aunt who is senile, instead of doing the usual Christmas dinner prayer, does the Pledge of Allegiance. Slasher Smile: Clark sports a rather rictus grin in the last act once his sanity …Aunt Bethany says, "That's A Funny Squeaky Sound." This scene from the 1989 movle, Lampoon's Christmas Vacation.Aunt Bethany's Jello shirt, funny Christmas Vacation Griswold family tee, grace lime flavor, cousin eddie old fashioned vintage matching top (2.2k) $ 18.99. Add to Favorites Aunt Bethany 2.5 Teardrop Earrings (149) $ 14.00. Add to Favorites Christmas Holiday Hello Everybody Shirt, Did I Break Wind Shirt, Aunt Bethany Christmas T-Shirt, Christmas …Light Up Fried Cat Rug Funny Aunt Bethany’s Fried Pussycat Rug from National Lampoon’s Humour Christmas Vacation Decoration Carpet, Christmas Vacation Decorations (Color Light) $16.97 $ 16. 97. $3.99 delivery Jan 5 - 18 . More results. RJSC. RJSC Light Up Fried Cat Rug,National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation Inspired Aunt Bethany's Fried …Play Ball Shirt, Aunt Bethany Shirt, Christmas Vacation Shirt, Funny Shirts, Cute Christmas Shirt, Bethany and Clark Shirts, Christmas Gift. (2.9k) $11.86. $15.81 (25% off) Sale ends in 13 hours.Dec 19, 2560 BE ... Bethany: Is your house on fire, Clark? Clark: No, Aunt Bethany, those are the Christmas lights. (National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation).1989. Director: Jeremiah S. Chechik. Stars: Chevy Chase, Beverly D'Angelo, Juliette Lewis, Johnny Galecki. Genre: Comedy. Rating: PG-13. Runtime: 94 minutes. You know exactly what you're getting in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation: another goofball, slapstick comedy of chaos and catastrophe with Clark Griswold (Chevy Chase) and family.After making the jello according to the directions on the package, I mixed 1/2 cup of vodka (per 12 jello shots). Next, I poured the jello and vodka mixture into 2 oz—plastic shot cups.. After that, I topped the Aunt Bethany jello shots with lucky charms (no marshmallows) and put them in the fridge for the next couple of hours.She went onto live almost a decade after she played the role of Aunt Bethany. She passed away in 1998 at the age of 89. Photo by Facebook . Cousin Eddie was Randy Quaid’s Best Character.Dec 12, 2021 · After Clark goes berserk and chops a tree down to replace the old one, the family gathers in the living room to try to salvage the evening. While Clark puts presents under the new tree, a squeaky sound is heard by Aunt Bethany who asks if anyone else hears it. The exchange afterward between husband and wife still makes fans snort with laughter. Aunt Bethany Christmas Vacation Hat | Black Pillbox Hat with Flowers and Pearls for Festive Party at Clark Griswold's House. (124) $129.00. FREE shipping. Add to cart. Grace, She Passed Away 30 Years Ago! National Lampoons Christmas vacation gift, Aunt Bethany ornament, funny holiday decor, Funny ornament. (350) Inspired by the Christmas Vacation of the classic movie national lampoon, I crocheted the mat “Aunt Bethany fried cat” Yarn, big hook, good mood and 2 hours of time. Just enough time to watch your favorite Christmas movie once again T-shirt yarn is ideal for crocheting a “fried cat”. You can also crochet from thick chenille yarn …Funny clip of Aunt Bethany saying the Pledge of Allegiance instead of a prayer. Scene from National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation. Recorded from AMC. Hope ...Clark : Since this is Aunt Bethany's 80th Christmas, I think she should lead us in the saying of Grace. Aunt Bethany : [turns to Lewis] What, dear? Nora Griswold : Grace! Aunt Bethany : Grace? She passed away thirty years ago. Uncle Lewis : They want you to say Grace. Uncle Lewis : The BLESSING! Relive the hilarious scene from the classic holiday movie "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation" when Clark, Ellen and Rusty discover that Aunt Bethany wrapped ...Mae Questel was an American actress. She was best known for providing the voices for the animated characters Betty Boop (from 1931), Olive Oyl (from 1933) and numerous others. Questel began her career in vaudeville, primarily working as an impressionist. She later performed on Broadway and in films and … See morePlay Ball Shirt, Aunt Bethany Shirt, Christmas Vacation Shirt, Funny Shirts, Cute Christmas Shirt, Bethany and Clark Shirts, Christmas Gift. (2.9k) $11.86. $15.81 (25% off) Sale ends in 13 hours.Sep 25, 2023 · National Lampoon’s Christmas Socks. Themed Coffee Mug. Christmas Vacation T-shirt. We love to do this trivia with a Christmas movies night! It’s always so much fun! We’ve even made Aunt Bethany’s Jello Mold and served Cousin Eddie’s Eggnog as part of the theme! If you’re looking for more ideas for the holidays, check out our A ... We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Aunt Lauras Tea Room/MR Art, Bethany, Bethany, Ontario. 318 likes · 21 talking about this · 15 were here. If you are interested in ordering baked goods, preserves and/or meals, please follow these...Aunt Bethany. 739 likes. "Don't throw me down, Clark!"Aunt Bethany : [they all pose for prayer suddenly, Aunt Bethany recites the pledge of allegiance] I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands [Cousin Eddie stands and places his hand over his heart] Aunt Bethany : One nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty ...Enter your email to stay up to date with everything that's happening at Aunt Beth's. Email Gift Cards Now Available Order Now Instagram Follow Us Find Us 53 Campbell Avenue Toronto, ON M6P 3T9. CONTACT US 416-303-5714 [email protected]. OTHER INFO Events and Stockists Our Story * Gourmet Whisky-Baked Goods * Facebook; …Aunt Bethany. Christmas Vacation Costumes. National Lampoons Christmas Vacation Movie. Funny Christmas Costumes. Christmas Vacation Movie Quotes. Best Christmas Movies. Christmas Party Themes. Christmas Quotes Funny. Christmas Humor. Christmas Holidays. j e n n i f e r c a n n o n. 358 followers. Comments. No comments …Be Unique. Shop aunt bethany t-shirts sold by independent artists from around the globe. Buy the highest quality aunt bethany t-shirts on the internet.Aunt Bethany: [they all pose for prayer suddenly, Aunt Bethany recites the pledge of allegiance] I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands [Cousin Eddie stands and places his hand over his heart] Aunt Bethany: One nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Aunt Bethany is a memorable character in Christmas Vacation. Aunt Bethany is a beloved character in Christmas Vacation. She’s Clark’s elderly aunt who clearly has some …While many of the movie’s oldest cast members have since passed away — William Hickey (Uncle Lewis), Mae Questel (Aunt Bethany), Doris Roberts (Francis), John Randolph (Clark, Sr.) and E.G ...www.auntbethany.netAbout Aunt Bethany and Uncle Lewis. Aunt Bethany and Uncle Lewis are characters from the film National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation. The film follows the story of protagonist …aunt bethany is betty boop. Christmas Vacation marked the final film of Mae Questel, who began her career as the voice of Betty Boop in 1931. She passed away at the age of 89 in January of 1998.Oct 4, 2563 BE ... Untitled: Oct 4, 2020 9:33 AM. 6 views · 3 years ago ...more. Marcia Griswold. 2. Subscribe. 2 subscribers.In conclusion, Aunt Bethany wears a dark green beret with antlers and Christmas lights in Christmas Vacation. While the exact details about the hat’s origins are unknown, its unique design has made it a memorable part of the movie. So next time you watch Christmas Vacation and see Aunt Bethany wearing her festive headgear, you’ll know ...With Tenor, maker of GIF Keyboard, add popular Aunt Bethany animated GIFs to your conversations. Share the best GIFs now >>> Tenor.com has been translated based on your browser's language setting. Dec 25, 2566 BE ... Your browser can't play this video. Learn more · Open App. Aunt Bethany #christmasvacation. 1.7K views · 1 month ago ...more. Plutopia. 3.28K.Aunt Bethany from National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation sings the Star Spangled Banner at the end of the movie. Margo is Aunt Bethany’s first cousin, and Todd and Margo Jr. are also cousins of Aunt Bethany. This establishes a clear connection between Aunt Bethany and the Griswold family. Digging into the Past: Discovering the Ancestors of Aunt Bethany in Christmas Vacation Digging into the Past: Discovering the Ancestors of Aunt Bethany in …www.auntbethany.netJun 19, 2018 · Aunt Bethany: Oh. [everyone at the table folds their hands in prayer and reverently bows their heads] Aunt Bethany : I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands - one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Aunt Bethany's House From Department 56 Collection ... Aunt Bethany has become a fan-favorite character from National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation. It's no ...Aunt Bethany's Jello shirt, funny Christmas Vacation Griswold family tee, grace lime flavor, cousin eddie old fashioned vintage matching top (2.2k) $ 18.99. Add to Favorites Aunt Bethany 2.5 Teardrop Earrings (146) $ 14.00. Add to Favorites Griswold Christmas Vacation - Aunt Bethany's Jello Mold Recipe - Handmade Wood Sign (197) $ 34.00. Add to …Be Unique. Shop aunt bethany t-shirts sold by independent artists from around the globe. Buy the highest quality aunt bethany t-shirts on the internet.Dec 25, 2008 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ... Funny clip of Aunt Bethany saying the Pledge of Allegiance instead of a prayer. Scene from National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation. Recorded from AMC. Hope ... Aunt Bethany Says Grace by Talking Trees - Visualization. Watch on. [Lyrics] Clark: Before we being, since this is Aunt Bethany's eightieth Christmas. Clark: I think she should lead us in the saying of grace. Aunt Bethany: I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands,Travel operators have a new target: unmarried women with money to spend on their nieces, nephews, or god-children. This demographic, nicknamed “PANKs” (Professional Aunt, No Kids),...Dec 25, 2566 BE ... Your browser can't play this video. Learn more · Open App. Aunt Bethany #christmasvacation. 1.7K views · 1 month ago ...more. Plutopia. 3.28K.Dec 8, 2552 BE ... Funny clip of Aunt Bethany saying the Pledge of Allegiance instead of a prayer. Scene from National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation.Aunt Bethany Christmas Vacation Hat | Black Pillbox Hat with Flowers and Pearls for Festive Party at Clark Griswold's House. (124) $129.00. FREE shipping. Add to cart. Grace, She Passed Away 30 Years Ago! National Lampoons Christmas vacation gift, Aunt Bethany ornament, funny holiday decor, Funny ornament. (350)Aunt Bethany | Online Ordering Store! orderfastExperience. select address. addAddress. A technical issue occurred, please try again later. Start Over Refresh Page. Branches ...Check out our aunt bethany costume selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our costumes shops. See how the stars of the 1989 holiday classic have changed over the years, from Chevy Chase to Juliette Lewis. Learn about their careers, personal lives and …Aunt Bethany starts singing "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the whole family and the SWAT team join in, gazing at Clark's Santa Claus and reindeer set flying into the distance. The entire family and the SWAT team members then celebrate inside the house, while Clark and Ellen happily share a Christmas kiss.About Aunt Bethany and Uncle Lewis. Aunt Bethany and Uncle Lewis are characters from the film National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation. The film follows the story of protagonist Clark Griswold and his plan on spending the holidays with family. Later, Clark’s elderly Aunt Bethany and a grumpy Uncle Lewis also arrive. It’s aunt Bethany for me藍 #impressions #voiceactor #impression #voiceacting #christmas #funny. Betty Maxwell · Original audioAunt Bethany | Online Ordering Store! orderfastExperience. select address. addAddress. A technical issue occurred, please try again later. Start Over ...2021 A Gift from Aunt Bethany, National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation, Magic 2021 Hallmark Magic Ornament QXI7052 Magic. Sound and Motion. Press the button on the ornament to see it move and hear sounds from the scene! Battery-operated. Dated. Made of Plastic. Artist: Emma Leturgez. Size: 1.97" x 2" x 3.79"Dec 16, 2013 - Christmas is my favorite holiday. For many reasons; family, song, food, drink, lights, banter, and just being around people I love. Christmas Vacation is one the best seasonal movies of all time and each time I hear Aunt Bethany say "Don't push me down, Clark" I totally crack up. Here is the meme I made…Aunt Bethany's Jello Mold Sweatshirt, Griswold Family Christmas Shirt, Funny Christmas Sweatshirt, Xmas Movie Lover Gift, Ugly Xmas Sweater (45) Sale Price $29.18 $ 29.18 $ 38.91 Original Price $38.91 (25% off) Add to Favorites Png download, digital download load, Christmas vacation fried pussycat, fried cat, holiday digital design ...Dec 2, 2023 · Clark’s aunt, and Uncle Lewis’ wife, Aunt Bethany, is played by Mae Questel. Christmas Vacation marked Questel’s final film appearance before her death in 1998. Aunt Bethany shows symptoms of dementia throughout the film; she doesn’t even seem to realize it’s Christmas. Dec 5, 2563 BE ... Mae Questel, who played Aunt Bethany, was also a voice actress and best known for providing the voices for the animated characters Betty Boop ...Clip duration: 30 seconds Views: 1935 Timestamp in movie: 00h 00m 00s Uploaded: 12 December, 2020 Genres: comedy Summary: It's Christmastime, and the Griswolds are preparing for a family seasonal celebration. But things never run smoothly for Clark, his wife Ellen, and their two kids. Clark's continual bad luck is worsened by his …While their entrance was being filmed, an actual minor earthquake occurred, causing the cameras to shake slightly as Bethany walks through the front door. Asked by Rachel Bortles · Last updated 3 years ago · 80.4K views · SOURCEMae Questel, the voice of Aunt Bethany in the 1989 comedy film Christmas Vacation, is a character who often says funny and inappropriate things. See photos, quotes and trivia …Dec 7, 2023 · Aunt Bethany's cognitive issues lead to some truly hilarious moments, including serving her famous cat food key lime jello. Questel got her start in vaudeville and went on to become a prominent voice artist, lending her distinct talents to two famous characters - Olive Oyl from Popeye and the iconic Betty Boop. Aunt Bethany | Online Ordering Store! orderfastExperience. select address. addAddress. A technical issue occurred, please try again later. Start Over Refresh Page. Branches ...The very best lines from Clark Griswold, Cousin Eddie, Aunt Bethany and more. Sept. 29, 2022, 3:46 PM UTC / Updated Dec. 4, 2023, 6:21 PM UTC By Sarah LemireIt’s aunt Bethany for me藍 #impressions #voiceactor #impression #voiceacting #christmas #funny. Betty Maxwell · Original audioChristmas Vacation Cousin Eddie Costume. from $44.99. Adult Buddy The Elf Christmas Costume. $45.99. The Grinch Costume. $69.99. $36.99. Uncle Lewis Costume is from the movie costume,Uncle Lewis christmas vacation costume is popular halloween costume and christmas costume,it has adult sizes. Package Includes:Coat,Shirt,Tie,Belt,Pant...Dec 25, 2551 BE ... Share your videos with friends, family, and the world.While their entrance was being filmed, an actual minor earthquake occurred, causing the cameras to shake slightly as Bethany walks through the front door. Asked by Rachel Bortles · Last updated 3 years ago · 80.4K views · SOURCEA new version of Last.fm is available, to keep everything running smoothly, please. National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation. Aunt Bethany's Arrival. Set as current obsession. Go to artist profile. Read about Aunt Bethany's Arrival by National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists.Looking for uncle lewis and aunt bethany shirts online in India? Shop for the best uncle lewis and aunt bethany shirts from our collection of exclusive, customized & handmade products.After Clark goes berserk and chops a tree down to replace the old one, the family gathers in the living room to try to salvage the evening. While Clark puts presents under the new tree, a squeaky sound is heard by Aunt Bethany who asks if anyone else hears it. The exchange afterward between husband and wife still makes fans snort with …The wrapped cat... the symbol of a fat fauk festive Christmas. Of course, the cattle must be wrapped in Happy Birthday paper and made latently aggressive by ...If you want to talk about a character with a perfect batting average in National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation, look no further than Aunt Bethany (Mae Questel), Clark’s elderly aunt who isn’t ...Aunt Bethany: [they all pose for prayer suddenly, Aunt Bethany recites the pledge of allegiance] I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands [Cousin Eddie stands and places his hand over his heart] Aunt Bethany: One nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Clark: Amen.Relive the hilarious scene from the classic holiday movie "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation" when Clark, Ellen and Rusty discover that Aunt Bethany wrapped ...Great packaging/shipping, perfect Pottery Barn product. NEW S/2 Small & Medium Pottery Barn Bronze Sculpted Reindeer Christmas Metal (#235292332718) c***_ (479) Past month. Quick shipper and item arrived as described. RARE Christopher Radko WHEELY WITCH Halloween Ornament (#235213428586) s***3 (8) Past month. Very …In National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1988), Clark Gets Trapped In The Attic And Watches Old Home Movies. In One Of Them Is A Man In A Navy Uniform. Later When Aunt Bethany And Uncle Lewis Come To Visit, A Senile Aunt Bethany Asks "Is Rusty Still In The Navy?"Mae Questel ( / ˈmeɪ ˌkwɛˈstɛl /; born Mae Kwestel; September 13, 1908 – January 4, 1998) was an American actress. She was best known for providing the voices for the animated characters Betty Boop (from 1931), Olive Oyl (from 1933) and numerous others. Questel began her career in vaudeville, primarily working as an impressionist. Nov 8, 2023 · Mae Questel (Aunt Bethany) Catherine McGann/Getty Images. Mae Questel appeared opposite Hickey as Lewis' wife, Aunt Bethany. Much of the star's work was vocal in her early career, as she voiced ... The very best lines from Clark Griswold, Cousin Eddie, Aunt Bethany and more. Sept. 29, 2022, 3:46 PM UTC / Updated Dec. 4, 2023, 6:21 PM UTC By Sarah LemireRaising Canes Christmas Vacation Clark Griswold Cousin Eddie Aunt Bethany Dog 3. Elite Toy Box (11730); 100% positive feedback ...Mae Questel, the voice of Aunt Bethany in the 1989 comedy film Christmas Vacation, is a character who often says funny and inappropriate things. See photos, quotes and trivia about her role as the 80-year-old aunt who leads the prayer and complains about the presents. Great packaging/shipping, perfect Pottery Barn product. NEW S/2 Small & Medium Pottery Barn Bronze Sculpted Reindeer Christmas Metal (#235292332718) c***_ (479) Past month. Quick shipper and item arrived as described. RARE Christopher Radko WHEELY WITCH Halloween Ornament (#235213428586) s***3 (8) Past month. Very …
Dec 12, 2021 · After Clark goes berserk and chops a tree down to replace the old one, the family gathers in the living room to try to salvage the evening. While Clark puts presents under the new tree, a squeaky sound is heard by Aunt Bethany who asks if anyone else hears it. The exchange afterward between husband and wife still makes fans snort with laughter. . How to open ramune
Play Ball Shirt, Aunt Bethany Shirt, Christmas Vacation Shirt, Funny Shirts, Cute Christmas Shirt, Bethany and Clark Shirts, Christmas Gift. (2.9k) $11.86. $15.81 (25% off) Sale ends in 15 hours.May 26, 2023 · Aunt Bethany is a character in the classic Christmas movie, Christmas Vacation. She is the widowed aunt of Ellen Griswold, the mother of the Griswold family. Aunt Bethany is known for her eccentric personality, which adds humor and heart to the movie’s plot. Personality Traits and Quirks We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Aug 1, 2023 · Stirring is required to completely dissolve the gelatin after adding one cup of boiling water. After that, whisk in one cup of cold water. 2. Adding The Fruit. Gently fold in the drained crushed pineapple, fruit cocktail, sliced bananas, and mini marshmallows into the gelatin mixture. 3. Setting The Mold. National Lampoon’s Christmas Socks. Themed Coffee Mug. Christmas Vacation T-shirt. We love to do this trivia with a Christmas movies night! It’s always so much fun! We’ve even made Aunt Bethany’s Jello Mold and served Cousin Eddie’s Eggnog as part of the theme! If you’re looking for more ideas for the holidays, check out our A ...The Griswolds finally get to reward the fruit of their efforts to put on the perfect Christmas Eve dinner with a 20 pound turkey with all the trimmings. Uncle Lewis has Clark's 89 year old Aunt Bethany say grace. But Bethany due to her age has a very limited memory and instead recites the United States pledge of allegiance. Jun 19, 2018 · Aunt Bethany: Oh. [everyone at the table folds their hands in prayer and reverently bows their heads] Aunt Bethany : I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands - one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. A great memorable quote from the National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation movie on Quotes.net - Aunt Bethany: What's that sound? [everybody looks up, and returns to activities, then Clark starts hearing it] Do you hear it!? It's a funny, squeaking sound. Uncle Lewis: You couldn't hear a dump truck driving through a nitroglycerin plant.Aunt Laura's Tea Room, 705-277-2751, 982 Porter Rd , Bethany ... Aunt Laura's Tea Room is one of the Eating Places in Bethany, Ontario, located in 982 Porter Rd , L0A1A0. Contact a representative of Aunt Laura's Tea Room at 705-277-2751 for your queries. Aunt Laura's Tea Room, 1402 Hwy. 7A, Bethany, ON (2019) Aunt Laura's Tea …Christmas Vacation was the last film role for actress Mae Questel, who played Aunt Bethany. Questel's film career began in 1930, when she provided the voice for Betty Boop.Aunt Bethany’s jell-0 is a fun way to celebrate the season either as a joke or for kiddos. It’s also a great reminder that at least you’re having a better Christmas than Clark Griswold. Making Aunt Bethany’s Jell-O. This dessert is so easy you don’t even need a recipe. Add 5 boxes of lime jell-o to 6 1/4 cup boiling water. Clip duration: 8 seconds Views: 410 Timestamp in movie: 01h 19m 28s Uploaded: 29 November, 2022 Genres: comedy Summary: It's Christmastime, and the Griswolds are preparing for a family seasonal celebration. But things never run smoothly for Clark, his wife Ellen, and their two kids. Clark's continual bad luck is worsened by his …Oct 10, 2022 · The most shocking scene in "Christmas Vacation," literally, is when the pet cat that senile Aunt Bethany brings as a gift to the Griswold home chews on a tree light wire and violently, graphically ... While their entrance was being filmed, an actual minor earthquake occurred, causing the cameras to shake slightly as Bethany walks through the front door. Asked by Rachel Bortles · Last updated 3 years ago · 80.4K views · SOURCEThis could only happen in the Griswold family! Aunt Bethany appears to be around 80 in the film, which is nearly the same age that Mae Questel was during production. Aunt Bethany's cognitive issues lead to ….